Integrated Pest Management

Potassium Deficiency

Symptoms

• Bottom leaves of the plant starts yellowing from its tip and dries of or starts shedding.
• These deficiencies mostly seen in wet, sandy, weathered soils.
• The symptom is often followed by necrosis of the chlorotic areas and downward cupping of the leaf margins.
• Chlorosis and necrosis may spread inward to include half or more of the leaflet.
• The basal portion of the leaf remains green.
• Symptoms first appear on the older leaves.
• Severe deficiency tends to produce wrinkled and irregular-shaped seeds.
• Plants gets stunted.

Remedies

• The deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers that contain potassium
• Avoid earliest planting dates (warmer weather can correct symptoms)
• Use plant K efficient hybrids

Resources

• POTASSIUM CONTENT OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS (%)
  Muriate of Potash 60%
  Gromore 14%

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Nitrogen Deficiency

Symptoms

• Nitrogen deficiency results in light thin and unhealthy plants. Bottom leaves of plant gets crincled like V shape and the tips and center if  the leaf becomes yellow and it starts drying from the tip.
• New leaves of the plant also start showing these symptoms. These symptoms are more prominent in cold, drought, chemical matter and Nitrogen deficient conditions.

Remedies

• Always use tolerant varieties.
• Inoculate seeds with fresh inoculant
• Install drainage tiles in heavier soils

Resources

• Urea contains 46% Nitrogen.

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Phosphorus Deficiency

Symptoms

• The chief symptoms are retarded rate of growth and spindly plants, with the leaves turning dark green or bluish green.
• If plant starts getting Phosphorous then these symptoms are not shown in new leaves.
• Sometimes, these symptoms are seen in knee height crop or more taller crop.

Magnesium Deficiency

Symptoms

• Symptoms include pale green to yellow interveinal tissues on the leaf blade.
• Later the symptoms turn deep yellow, except at the base.
• Lower leaves show the symptoms first.
• The deficiency gives older plant the general appearance of early maturity.

Remedies

• Application of dolomite limestone corrects the deficiency.
• Foliar spray of 0.2 % magnesium sulphate is also helpful.

Resources

• MAGNESIUM CONTENT OF VARIOUS
  CHELATES & FERTILIZERS (%)
• Magnesium Chelate 5.5%

Zinc Deficiency

Symptoms

• Soybean yields are considerably decreased in zinc deficient soils.
• Deficient plants have stunted stems and leaves with chlorotic interveinal areas.
• Later on the entire leaves turns yellow or light green.
• Lower leaves may turn brown or grey and may drop early.
• Few flowers are formed and the pods that are formed are abnormal and slow in maturity.
• The yields are reduced in severe deficiency.

Remedies

• The deficiency can be rectified by applying zinc sulphate or zinc oxide to the foilage or soil.
• In case of coarse textured soil apply zinc at the rate of 25 kg/ha through zinc sulphate.
• In case of fine textured soil apply zinc at the rate of 50 kg/ha through zinc sulphate.
• It may be applied or broadcasted 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed.
• A single broadcast application is generally enough for 2 to 4 years.
• Seed treatment with zinc sulphate is also useful in correcting the disorder.

Resources

• ZINC CONTENT OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS (%)
  Zinc Sulphate 22 - 35%
  Zinc Chelate NaZnHEDTA 09%

Calcium Deficiency

Symptoms

• Calcium deficiency is the most common in acid soils, sandy soils and soils with low in organic matter.
• Plants grown in calcium deficient soils may have nitrogen deficiency symptoms also.
• The emergence of primary leaves is delayed.
• Terminal bud of primary leaves become necrotic and other parts are chlorotic in appearance.

Remedies

• Calcium deficiency can be corrected by liming the soil in the appropriate quantity.

Resources

• Apply calcium containing fertilizers like gypsum or chelates etc.
• Calcium Chelate 1 - 4%

Iron Deficiency

Symptoms

• Apply calcium containing fertilizers like gypsum or chelates etc.
• Calcium Chelate 1 - 4%.

Remedies

• Foliar application of an aqueous solution of 0.5 - 1.00 % ferrous sulphate is suggested for correction of the disorder.
• Apply 20 kg/ha iron through ferrous sulphate.
• Install drainage tiles in heavier soils
• Use high pH tolerant varieties

Resources

• IRON CONTENT OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS (%)
• Ferrous Sulphate 20%
• Iron Chelate Na.FeEDTA 12%

Boron Deficiency

Symptoms

• Boron deficiency is not found commonly.
• Because of its deficiency irregular white patches and white line is seen on leaves.
• Flowering is delayed and restricted
• Number and size of pods and development of seeds is adversely affected.
• Seed yield is low.
• This is found in the soils which are dry, have high PH sandy, and have more chemicals. Yellowing of the leaves, drying and shedding of leaves can be
  because of poisonous nature of Boron.

Remedies

• Application of neutralizers or buffers to reduce high levels of Boron.

Resources

• Taking boron tolerant varieties.

Manganese Deficiency

Symptoms

• Manganese deficiency commonly occurs in plants in well drained neutral and alkaline soils.
• Intervienal areas become light green to white and the veins remain green.
• Necrotic brown spots develop as the deficiency becomes more severe.
• The leaves drop prematurely.

Remedies

• The deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers that contain manganese to the soil.
• An application manganese sulphate at the rate of 5 - 15 kg/ha is recommended.

Resources

• MANGANESE CONTENT OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS (%)
• Manganese Sulphate 23%
• Manganese polyflancohoid 5 - 7%
   

Sulphur Deficiency

Symptoms

• Young plants first turn pale and then turn severely chlorotic.
• Chlorosis starts from the leaf margins and spread towards the midrib.
• Margins and tips of young leaves become necrotic and rolled.
• Severe deficiency of sulphur leads to premature defoliation of the plant.
• Flowering and fruiting is reduced and is also delayed.

Remedies

• Sulphur deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers containing sulphur like Ammonium sulphate, Sulphate of Potash etc.

Resources

• SULPHUR CONTENT OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS (%)
  Ammonium Sulphate 24%
  Single Super Phosphate 12%
  Paramphos 15%