Integrated Pest Management

Manganese Deficiency

Symptoms

• When manganese supply is severely limited, the entire lamina become severely mottled and the interveinal chlorotic areas develop light brown irregular necrotic patches.
• These patches, which are initially more conspicuous near the leaf apices, later spread to the entire lamina which eventually turn severely necrotic.
• Symptoms gradually spread from the middle to the young and old leaves.

Remedies

• Application of recommended doses of manganese containing fertilizers.
• Manganese sulphate should be applied at the rate of 5 - 15 kg/ha.

Resources

• MAJOR MANGANESE CONTAINING
  FERTILIZERS ARE:
   Manganese Sulphate 23%
   Manganese polyflancohoid 5 - 7%

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Copper Deficiency

Symptoms

• Copper deficiency symptoms appear as inter-veinal chlorosis of the upper half of the old leaves starting from the tip of the leaf.
• Chlorosis is generally restricted to the apical half of the lamina.
• Chlorotic areas later develop dark brown necrotic scorching, which spreads along the margins towards the base of the leaf
• Due to the formation of necrotic lesions in the chlorotic areas, the affected portion of the laminae becomes shriveled and withered.
• As deficiency persists, marginal scorching of the leaves becomes more pronounced and brown necrotic spots develop near the midrib.
• Size of the leaves is greatly reduced.

Remedies

• Application of recommended doses of copper containing fertilizers or as per soil test values.
• Application of copper sulphate at the rate of 10 - 20 kg/ha.

Resources

• COPPER CONTAINING FERTILIZERS
  ARE GIVEN BELOW.
  Copper Sulphate 10 - 20 %

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Boron Deficiency

Symptoms

• Poor development of head and central disc.
• Number and size of ray florets was reduced.
• Size and head development adversely affected.
• Poor development of involucre
• Increase in activity of catalase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase & polyphenol oxidase.

Remedies

• Application of recommended doses of boron containing fertilizers.
• Borax or sodium borate should be applied at the rate of 3 - 8 kg/ha.

Resources

• BORON CONTAINING FERTILIZERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.
  Borax or Sodium Borate 10 %

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Sulphur Deficiency

Symptoms

• The plants show paling and yellowing of leaves.
• Over all growth of the plant is retarded.
• Number and size of leaves is reduced.
• Size of capitulum is severely restricted.
• Maturity of flower is delayed.

Remedies

• Application of sulphur containing fertilizers in recommended doses.
• Sulphur added to S-deficient soils increases seed yield at 13 kg/ha.
• Application of 25 kg S/ha increases seed yield by 38%.
• An average increase of 3.8% in the oil content of seeds due to S application .
• In alkaline , clay soil having 12ppm available S, application of 10 kg S/ha more than doubled seed yield and increased oil yield.
• N+S application produces largest heads, heaviest grains and more seeds/head.
• 80 kgN+25 kg S will give more oil yield.

Resources

• SULPHUR CONTAINING FERTILIZERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.
  Gypsum 13 - 18 %
  Pyrites 22%
  Elemental S 85 - 100%
  Potassium Sulphate 18%
  Magnesium Sulphate 13 - 22%
  Ammonium Sulphate 24%
  Single Super Phosphate 12%
  Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate 15%
  Postassium Magnesium Sulphate 16-22%.
   

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Molybdenum Deficiency

Symptoms

• Molybdenum deficiency in sunflower is characterised by pale green foliage, interveinal and marginal chlorosis of old leaves and inward curling of leaf margins of the young leaves giving them a "cupped" appearance.

Remedies

• Application of recommended doses of molybdenum or as per soil test values.
• Application of sodium molybdate at the rate of 0.300 - 0.800 kg/ha

Resources

• MAJOR MOLYBDENUM CONTAINING FERTILIZERS ARE:
  Sodium Molybdate 37 - 39%

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